Using CT, radiologists can pinpoint cause of some strokes

Multidetector computed tomography (CT) helps pinpoint the causes of ischaemic strokes, the most common type of stroke, potentially speeding the delivery of life-saving treatments, according to a study published online and in the January issue of Radiology.

'Our results suggest that multidetector CT could become the first-line imaging tool for identifying the cause of acute ischaemic stroke,' said the study's lead author, Loic Boussel, M.D., Ph.D., professor of radiology at Louis Pradel Hospital in Bron, France.

An ischaemic stroke occurs when blockage in an artery, often from a blood clot or a fatty deposit due to atherosclerosis, interrupts blood flow to an area of the brain. This type of stroke can originate in the heart, in the form of a blood clot that travels to the head, or from blood vessels in the neck (extracranial carotid arteries) and head (intracranial arteries). According to the American Stroke Association, ischaemic stroke accounts for approximately 87 percent of stroke cases.

Early determination of the cause of ischaemic stroke is essential for secondary stroke prevention. Anticoagulant therapy to thin the blood is the treatment of choice for most of the cardiac sources of stroke, while surgery is needed for strokes caused by severe narrowing of the extracranial carotid artery.

Physicians use a combined imaging protocol to determine the cause of an ischaemic stroke. The protocol typically includes duplex ultrasonography, MR angiography or CT angiography of the neck and brain vessels, and transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography.

'This approach is time-consuming and expensive, and could delay secondary stroke prevention strategies,' Dr Boussel said.

In the new study, Dr Boussel and colleagues analysed the potential of multidetector CT as a faster and more cost-effective way to detect the main causes of ischaemic stroke. The researchers compared a single-session multidetector CT examination of the heart, neck and brain vessels with established imaging methods in 46 patients who had recently experienced an ischaemic stroke.

Almost half of the stroke cases had cardiac sources, while 20 percent of cases were caused by major arterial atherosclerosis.

Multidetector CT detected cardiac sources of stroke in 18 of 25 cases, for a sensitivity of 72 percent. The technique's sensitivity increased to 100 percent for detection of major arterial atherosclerosis. Overall, multidetector CT facilitated stroke classification in 38 of the 46 patients, or 83 percent.

'CT allows a fast diagnosis and helps to identify the cause of the stroke during a single examination,' Dr Boussel said. 'Moreover, because it is quick, the exam is well tolerated, which is critical in acute stroke patients who may be unstable and agitated.'

The CT protocol has two main limitations, according to Dr Boussel. It exposes the patient to a significant radiation dose and requires two intravenous contrast material injections to study the chest and neck areas. Dr Boussel said that advances in CT equipment technology could help reduce the radiation dose and the total amount of iodinated contrast material required.

Larger studies are needed to validate the results and to analyse the technique's cost-effectiveness.