Poor response to anti-anaemia drug predicts higher risk of heart disease or death

Patients with diabetes, kidney disease and anaemia who don't respond to treatment with an anti-anaemia drug have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease or death, researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Centre have found.

The results suggest that testing such patients' responsiveness to the drug and keeping blood iron levels a little low might reduce their risk, said Dr Robert Toto, professor of internal medicine and clinical sciences and a senior author of the study, which appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine.

'These patients required higher doses and ended up having lower haemoglobin anyway,' Dr Toto said. 'The results of this study might lead us in directions that can help.'

The results were an unexpected finding of a study on darbepoetin alpha, which stimulates the production of red blood cells to counteract anaemia. The drug, manufactured by Amgen, is sold under the name Aranesp.

The study, called the Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events with Aranesp Therapy (TREAT) showed that darbepoetin alpha works no better than a placebo for improving cardiovascular and kidney outcomes, but it did lower the risk for blood transfusion and resulted in modest improvement in patient-reported outcomes among people with diabetes, kidney disease and anaemia. However, people receiving darbepoetin alpha had nearly a twofold higher risk for stroke. Cancer deaths were also higher among people receiving the drug.

Darbepoetin alpha is one of a class of anti-anaemia drugs that mimics erythropoietin, the body's natural hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells.

The combination of type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease and anaemia affect about 1 million people in the U.S.

TREAT was a double-blinded experiment with a control group that received a placebo. It included 4,038 participants, all of whom had type 2 diabetes, anaemia and kidney damage, although not enough to require dialysis. Of these, 1,872 received injections of the drug, and 1,889 received placebo injections.

Participants receiving darbepoetin alpha also received periodic subcutaneous injections of the drug with the aim of increasing their levels of haemoglobin - a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen - to a level of 13 grams per decilitre. If someone in the control group dropped to a dangerous haemoglobin level below 9 g/dl, he or she received 'rescue therapy' with darbepoetin until the haemoglobin level returned to a level above 9 g/dl.

In analysing the results, the researchers divided the participants into two groups: those whose haemoglobin levels promptly increased in response to early doses of darbepoetin alpha, and those whose bodies responded less strongly, with haemoglobin level staying low.

The participants who had poor initial responses to the drug had a higher rate of death, heart attack, stroke or heart failure, the researchers found.

The study cannot show whether those people had higher risk for those outcomes because they were in poorer health to begin with, or because of some action of the drug, the researchers stated.

However, it does raise the question of whether treatment for anaemia should be customised according to a patient's response to the drug, Dr Toto said.

'Our studies suggest that we might be able to use the initial dose response to identify high-risk groups in future studies,' he said.

For instance, if a person's haemoglobin level doesn't improve within one or two months of anti-anaemia treatment, it may be better to stop the drug and seek alternative treatment. A state of mild anaemia might pose less cardiovascular risk in such a case than continuing or escalating the dose in an attempt to reach a normal haemoglobin level, Dr Toto said. Conversely, for patients who respond quickly to the drug, treating them until they reach the normal goal range recommended by the Food and Drug Administration appears safer, he said.